Fair play

Manuscripts under review are assessed for their intellectual merit, with no consideration given to the authors' race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, ethnic background, citizenship, or political stance.

Confidentiality

The Editor-in-Chief and editorial staff are obligated to maintain the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts. Any information about a manuscript should only be disclosed to the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as necessary.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest

Any unpublished material revealed in a submitted manuscript cannot be utilized in an editor's own research without explicit written consent from the author(s).

Publication decisions

The Editor-in-Chief of the journal is tasked with determining which submitted articles should be published. This decision is influenced by the journal's Editorial Board policies and is subject to legal requirements such as those concerning libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism. Collaboration with other editors or reviewers may occur in reaching this decision.

Contribution to editorial decisions

Peer review plays a vital role in aiding the Editor-in-Chief in making informed editorial decisions. Additionally, it serves as a means of editorial communication with the author, facilitating potential improvements to the manuscript.

Promptness

If an invited referee feels inadequately qualified to review the manuscript or anticipates a delay in the review process, they should promptly inform the Editor-in-Chief. This allows for the identification of alternative reviewers.

Confidentiality

Manuscripts designated for review are to be treated as confidential documents. Revealing or discussing them with unauthorized individuals is strictly prohibited unless explicitly authorized by the Editor-in-Chief.

Standards of objectivity

Reviews should be conducted objectively, with a focus on the content rather than personal criticism of the author. Referees are expected to express their views clearly, supported by appropriate arguments..

Acknowledgement of sources

Reviewers are responsible for identifying relevant published work that the authors have not cited. Any mention of prior reporting of observations, derivations, or arguments should be accompanied by the appropriate citation. Additionally, reviewers should bring to the Editor's attention any significant similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and their personal knowledge of other published data.

Disclosure and conflict of interest

Information or ideas obtained through peer review are confidential and should not be used for personal gain. Reviewers are expected to refrain from evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest arising from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships with the authors, companies, or institutions associated with the submission.

Reporting standards

Authors presenting the findings of original research are obligated to provide an accurate account of the conducted work and an impartial discussion of its significance. The manuscript should faithfully represent the underlying data, offering sufficient details and references to enable replication of the study by others. Engaging in fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements is considered unethical and unacceptable.

Originality and Plagiarism

Authors must ensure that their works are entirely original. If they incorporate the work or words of others, proper citation or quotation should be employed to acknowledge the sources.

Publication ethics

Authors should refrain from publishing manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Simultaneous submission of the same manuscript to multiple journals is deemed unethical publishing behavior and is not acceptable.

Authorship of a manuscript

Authorship should be confined to individuals who have significantly contributed to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All substantial contributors should be listed as coauthors, while those involved in specific substantive aspects should be acknowledged. The corresponding author holds the responsibility to ensure that the author list includes appropriate contributors, that no inappropriate co-authors are included, and that all co-authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the paper and agreed to its submission for publication.

Hazards and human or animal subjects

If the research involves hazardous chemicals, procedures, or equipment, authors must clearly identify these in the manuscript.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest

Authors are required to disclose any financial or substantive conflict of interest in their manuscript that could potentially influence the results or their interpretation. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.

Correction of errors

In the event of a significant error or inaccuracy discovered by an author in their published work, it is their duty to promptly inform the Editor-in-Chief or publisher of the journal and collaborate to either retract the paper or publish an appropriate erratum.

In instances of suspected or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication, or plagiarism, the publisher will work closely with the Editors-in-Chief to take necessary actions for clarification and correction of the situation. This may involve promptly publishing an erratum or, in severe cases, retracting the affected work entirely.

The Publisher and the Journal adhere to a non-discriminatory policy in their publishing programs, services, and activities. Regardless of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation, equal treatment is maintained.

All the articles published in the journal of TBEAH is licensed with Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

WHAT IS COPYRIGHTS?

• Copyright is a type of intellectual property which protects certain sorts of original creative work, including academic articles. Copyright allows the creator of a work to decide whether, and under what conditions, their work may be used, published and distributed by others. As such, it governs how others can use, publish and distribute articles.
• Understanding your copyright options as an author is becoming ever more important, especially with the growth of open access publishing.

COPYRIGHTS AT Transaction on Biomedical Engineering Applications, Healthcare

As a user, you have the right to request to publish an article and make it available, we need publishing rights from you for that work. We therefore ask authors for publishing in Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation to sign an author contract which grants us the necessary publishing rights. This will be after your manuscript has been through the peer-review process, been accepted and moves into publishing. Our Publication team will then send you an email with all the details.

To protect the rights and interests of both parties, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation requires an exclusive licence that clearly stipulates our rights and the specific rights retained by authors. We ask the corresponding author to grant this exclusive licence to Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation on behalf of all authors. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation agrees to publish the manuscript and has the right:

• To publish, reproduce, distribute, display and store the manuscript
• To translate the manuscript into other languages
• To create adaptations, reprints, and create summaries, extracts and/or, abstracts of the manuscript
• To create any other derivative work(s) based on the manuscript
• To include electronic links from the manuscript to third party material
• To license any third party to do any or all of the above
• Tto authorize Transaction on Biomedical Engineering Applications, Healthcare to take legal proceedings in the copyright owner's name and on the author(s)' behalf if the author(s)' believe that a third party is infringing or is likely to infringe copyright in the manuscript.

COPYRIGHTS ASSIGNMENT

In our standard author contract, you transfer – or "assign" – copyright to us as the owner and publisher of the journal .

• Assigning the copyright enables us to:
• Effectively manage, publish and make your work available to the academic community and beyond.
• Act as stewards of your work as it appears in the scholarly record.
• Handle reuse requests on your behalf.
• Take action when appropriate where your article has been infringed or plagiarized.
• Increase visibility of your work through third parties.

Authors are allowed to use their own articles for non-commercial purposes without seeking permission from Transaction on Biomedical Engineering Applications, Healthcare. For commercial use we need to know about it. Authors retain the following right to:

Post a PDF of their article to fellow researchers for educational purposes only;

Make a reasonable number of copies for personal or non-commercial use. This includes the contributor's own teaching purposes;

Republish part or all of the article in a book or other publication edited by the author (except for multiple contributions in the same book or publication);

Use the illustrations and research data in their own future works;

Use the article in course packs in the authors institution. This does not apply if a commercial charge is made for the compilation or training programme;

Use the work for further research and presentations at meetings;

to authorize Transaction on Biomedical Engineering Applications, Healthcare to take legal proceedings in the copyright owner's name and on the authors's name. Reuse all or part of the published manuscript in other works for non-commercial purposes, the original publication in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation must be approved through a note or citation in a format acceptable to Transaction on Biomedical Engineering Applications, Healthcare.

Information about all funding sources pertaining to the conducted work should be presented in a distinct section titled 'Funding.' This section should follow the 'Acknowledgements' part.

The following guidelines are to be adhered to:

The sentence should commence with: 'This work was supported by ...'

The complete official name of the funding agency should be provided, such as 'Technoarete Research and Development Association,' not abbreviated as 'TRDA.'

Agencies should be delineated by a semi-colon, with 'and' preceding the last funding agency.

Any specific role played by a sponsor should be explicitly outlined in the acknowledgements section. This includes their involvement in writing, study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation.

In the abstract, if funding has been secured for the study, a 'Funding:' heading should be added at the end, enumerating the companies or institutes that have provided financial support. For instance, Funding: ARC.

Authors are obligated to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest, encompassing financial, personal, or other relationships that could unduly influence or be perceived to influence their work. This disclosure is required at the time of manuscript submission and is reiterated during the submission of the Author Agreement Form. The second declaration in the Author Agreement Form serves two purposes:
i) authors can rectify any inadvertent omissions in the initial conflict of interest declaration made during manuscript submission, and
ii) if any conflicts arise between manuscript submission and the final decision, authors can declare them in the agreement for appropriate action.

The corresponding author bears the responsibility of gathering potential conflicts of interest from each author and incorporating the comprehensive list into the manuscript before submitting it for publication.

Editors of all journals published by TBEAH are committed to upholding the highest standards in manuscript evaluation and preserving the integrity of the Journal. Editors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest to TBEAH Journals at the time of enrollment, as well as promptly upon the development of any conflicts after enrollment. This disclosure is also required separately for each manuscript undergoing editorial review. If an editor submits a manuscript for publication, the handling editor's identity will be known only to the Editor-in-Chief and the Journal editorial staff.

When a manuscript is submitted by an author from the same institution as one of the editors, it will be assigned to another editor not affiliated with that institution. Similarly, if an author has a familial, personal, or professional relationship with an editor, the manuscript will be assigned to a different editor.

All peer reviewers must declare any conflicts of interest in the manuscript review form as the initial step in the manuscript evaluation process. If a material potential conflict, whether financial or otherwise, exists, reviewers are encouraged to recuse themselves from the review process. They should submit the review form to the Editor-in-Chief, listing the conflict of interest. Importantly, the reviewer's declaration of a potential conflict does not automatically invalidate the review of the manuscript.

• Authors should present their works in accordance with the journal's standards and title.
• Authors should ensure that they have written their original works/research. Their works/researches should also provide accurate data, underlying other's references.
• Authors are responsible for their works' accuracy. Note 1: Publishing an article is not known as acceptance of its contents by journal.
• Duplicate submission is not accepted. In other words, none of the article's parts should not carry on reviewing or publishing elsewhere.
• Overlapping publication, where the author uses his/her previous findings or published date with changes, is rejected.
• Authors are asked to have authors' permission for an accurate citation. When using one's direct speech, a quotation mark (" ") is necessary.
• Corresponding authors should ensure that the complete information of all involved authors in the article. Note 2: Do not write the statement of "Gift Authorship" and do not omit the statement of "Ghost Authorship".
• Corresponding author is responsible for the priorities of co-authors after their approval.
• Paper submission means that all of the authors have satisfied whole financial and local supports and have introduced them.
• Author(s) is/are responsible for any fault or inaccuracy of the article and in this case, the journal's authorities should be informed immediately.
• Author(s) is/are asked to provide and reserve raw data one year after publication, in order to respond to the journal audiences' questions.

Author(s) should avoid the research and publication misconduct. If some cases of research and publication misconduct occur within each step of submission, review, edition or publication, journals have the right to legal action. The cases are listed as below:

• Fabrication : Fabrication is the practice of inventing data or results and reporting them in the research. Both of these misconducts are fraudulent and seriously alter the integrity of research. Therefore, articles must be written based on original data and use of falsified or fabricated data is strongly prohibited.
• Falsification : Falsification is the practice of omitting or altering research materials, equipment, data, or processes in such a way that the results of the research are no longer accurately reflected in the research record.
• Plagiarism : Plagiarism is the act of taking someone else's writing, conversation, idea, claims or even citations without any acknowledgment or explanation of the work producer or speaker.
• Wrongful Appropriation : Wrongful appropriation occurs when author(s) benefits another person's efforts and after a little change and manipulations in the research work, publish it on his/her own definitions
• False Attribution : It represents that a person is the author of a work but she/ he was not involved in the research.

Reviewers must consider the followings:

• Qualitative, contextual and scientific study in order to improve articles' quality and content.
• To inform the editor-in-chief when he accepts or rejects the review and introduces an alternative.
• Should not accept the articles which consider the benefits of persons, organizations and companies or personal relationships; also the articles which she/he, own, contributed in its writing or analysis.
• The reviewing must be carried out upon scientific documents and any self, professional, religious and racial opinion is prohibited.
• Accurate review and declaration of the article's strengths and weaknesses through a clear, educational and constructive method.
• Responsibility, accountability, punctuality, interest, ethics adherence and respect to others' rights.
• Not to rewrite or correct the article according to his/her personal interest.
• Be sure of accurate citations. Also reminding the cases which haven't been cited in the related published research.
• Avoid expressing the information and details of articles.
• Reviewers should not benefit new data or contents in favor of/against personal research; even for criticism or discrediting the author(s). The reviewer is not permitted to reveal more details after a reviewed article being published.
• Reviewers are prohibited to deliver an article to another one for reviewing except with permission of the editor-in-chief. Reviewer and co-reviewer's identification should be noted in each article's documents.
• Reviewer shouldn’t contact the author(s). Any contact with the authors should be made through the Journal.
• Trying to report "research and publication misconduct" and submitting the related documents to the editor-in-chief.

REVIEWERS' RESPONSIBILITY

Reviewers must consider the followings:

• Journal maintenance and quality improvement are the main aims of the editorial board.
• Editorial board should introduce the journal to universities and international communities and publish the articles of other universities and international societies on their priority.
• Editorial board must not have quotas and excess of their personal article publishing.
• Editorial board is responsible for selecting the reviewers as well as accepting or rejecting an article after reviewers' comments.
• Editorial board should be well-known experts with several publications. They ought to be responsible, accountable, truth, adhere to professional ethics and contribute to improving journal aims.
• Editorial board is expected to have a database of suitable reviewers for journals and to update the information regularly.
• Editorial board should try to aggregate qualified moral, experienced and well-known reviewers
• Editorial board should welcome deep and reasonable reviews, and prevent superficial and poor reviews, and deal with one-sided and contemptuous reviews.
• Editorial board should record and archive the whole review's documents as scientific documents and to keep confidentially the reviewers' name.
• Editorial board must inform the final result of the review to the corresponding author immediately.
• Editorial board should keep the article's contents confidential and do not disclose its information to others.
• Editorial board ought to prevent any conflict of interests due to any personal, commercial, academic and financial relations which may impact on accepting and publishing the presented articles.
• Editor-in-chief should check each type of research and publication misconduct which reviewers report seriously.
• If a research and publication misconduct occurs in an article, editor-in-chief should omit it immediately and inform indexing databases or audiences.
• In the case of being a research and publication misconduct, the editorial board is responsible to represent a corrigendum to audiences rapidly.
• Editorial board must benefit of audiences' new ideas in order to improve publication policies, structure and content quality of articles.
• Honesty and transparency is must to become an Editorial Board member, where an Editor should judge every submission equally and transparently.
• Providing the final judgment on the articles assigned within the allotted time with proper reason and clarification should be done by the Editor.
• Editor should remember the policy of fast and effective peer review and further process, therefore, should communicate with the reviewers or authors depending on the stage of article processing in case of any delay.
• Editors will be responsible to convey the expectations of the journal to the reviewers with the review scope, quality and timeliness for an effective, fair and constructive review for the assigned submission.
• If any special issue proposal is submitted to the journal, the assigned Editorial Board member should review the proposal for suitability with the scope of the journal, timeliness and assessing the scope and the importance of the topic.
• Guest Editor can handle a special issue independently while maintaining regular communication with the Editorial Board member.
• Once a proposal has been accepted by the Editorial Board members for creating a special issue, the corresponding guest editors will be responsible for handling and processing of the special issue articles.

Reviewers evaluate article submissions to journals based on the requirements of that journal, predefined criteria, and the quality, completeness and accuracy of the research presented. They provide feedback on the paper, suggest improvements and make a recommendation to the editor about whether to accept, reject or request changes to the article. The ultimate decision always rests with the editor but reviewers play a significant role in determining the outcome.

• ensure the rigorous standards of the scientific process by taking part in the peer-review system.
• uphold the integrity of the journal by identifying invalid research, and helping to maintain the quality of the journal.
• fulfil a sense of obligation to the community and their own area of research.
• establish relationships with reputable colleagues and their affiliated journals, and increase their opportunities to join an Editorial Board.
• can help prevent ethical breaches by identifying plagiarism, research fraud and other problems by dint of their familiarity with the subject area.
• reciprocate professional courtesy, as authors and reviewers are often interchangeable roles – as reviewer, researchers "repay" the same consideration they receive as authors.